In Drilling Fluid: The Lifeblood of the Well you can read about the interesting properties of Visplex*. This fluid is a liquid while in motion, but when at rest it turns into a thick gel. This makes it useful because when the circulation of the drilling fluid stops, the gel suspends the rock cuttings and prevents them from sinking to the bottom of the borehole. Fluids, like Visplex, that become more viscous when standing still are called thixotropic.

Another thixotropic liquid is ketchup. Have you ever had trouble getting ketchup to come out of the bottle? You shake and shake but it's stuck. Then, once it gets going it flows quite freely. Ketchup that has been sitting still becomes thick. When it's shaken or stirred it becomes thinner. Here's a way to explore the thixotropic property of ketchup by seeing how rapidly weights fall through it.

Tools & Materials

You will need:

• Beaker full of ketchup (Let it stand at room temperature for an hour or so)
• Ring stand
• Mirror
• Several weights or steel balls. We used 10 gram brass weights that came with our balance scale.
• Spoon
• Stopwatch.

The Experiment

Here's what to do:

1. Put the beaker on the ring stand with the mirror underneath as pictured to the right. The mirror is there so you can see when the weights reach the bottom without twisting your neck.

2. Trial	Still Ketchup	Stirred Ketchup
   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   average

   Drop a weight into the ketchup from just above the surface. Time how long it takes to reach the bottom.
3. Drop and time four more weights the same way. Be careful not to drop a weight in the same spot where you previously put one. You want each weight to fall through undisturbed ketchup.
4. Retrieve the weights with the spoon.
5. Stir the ketchup thoroughly.
6. Repeat steps 1 through 3. Use the chart below to record your results.

Look at your results. Which is more viscous (thicker), still ketchup or stirred ketchup?

What are some good strategies for getting ketchup to flow easily out of the bottle?

You might also want to have a look at our results.

* Mark of Schlumberger